VIDEO

EXERCICES

1) What are the most important indigenous civilizations in Colombia?

A) Cherokee and Taironas.

B) Wayuu and Muiscas.

C) Tierradentro and San Agustin Civilizations

D) Cherokee and Chocoes.

2) What do you think about our indigenous civilizations?

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3) Can you select our indigenous linguistics families’ languages?

A) Arawak, Caribbean and Chibcha.

B) Chocoes, Motilones and Cherokee.

C) Motilomes, Mayas and Muisca

D) Maya, Azteca and Inca.

4) Who was Christopher Columbus?

A) Spanish conquer.

B) An indigenous Wayuu.

C) An indigenous Cherokee.

D) A historian.

5) What was the most important feeding product in our indigenous civilization?

A) Pizza.

B) Corn.

C) Melon.

D) Beans.

Exercise: Choose the correct answer

1. Where is the Cherokee culture from?

a. Canada

b. England

c. Australia

d. The united States

2. How many clans did the Cherokee tribe have?

a. five

b. two

c. Seven

1. When did the Cherokee tribe walk to western Mississippi?

a. 1548

b. 1828

c. 1766

2. What is the principal food rite of Cherokee culture?

a. the corn dance

b. the fire dance

c. the wolf dance

Cherokee culture

In The United States the Cherokee culture is very important because it is part of independence history of The United States. We choo this native tribe because we want to learn about their history and rites customs. Learning about the American culture is important and necessary in the English teaching career

CHEROKEE CULTURE

The Cherokee are Native American people originally from United States (Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina).

The Cherokee tribe was represented by seven clans: The Bird, Paint, Deer, Long Hair and Paw Sylvester each clan had two agents, the first the red agent for the war, the second for the talk and he was the spokesman, in war times all the power was in the red agent.

They lived in small communities near to rivers and, her language belonged to Iroquoian language family. Their village had a principal wooden house where they met together for celebrating their rites; this house represented the seven clans. The marriage was only permitted between members of different clans.

Their typical food was thecorn, beans, pumpkin and the hunting of animals. They were mostly farmers and the only domestic animal they had was the dog.

The Cherokees always enacted the peace, in the XVII Century they established their own government shaped by 32 selected members of the tribe, they wrote their own constitution even tough they supported the English colony in the conflict against the British government.

At the time was the beginning of the independence of the United States so the confrontation began in their territory. Also, the discovering of gold provoked the beginning of the war with the “white man”, then they were expelled from their lands and in 1828 the Cherokees walked to western Mississippi, unfortunately 17.0000 died for the smallpox, hunger and coldness.

Finally, the Cherokees established themselves as an independent government in 1982; in addition they were called a civilized tribe. Actually, they have adopted the white man’s culture and are located in North Carolina.

In this picture the Cherokee tribe walk toward the new territory, much died in the travel because this travel was called “path of the tears Cherokee.

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Seal of Cherokee nation

The seven stars represent the seven clans

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Cherokee travel route

This is a basket hand-woven by the Cherokee women

Mask hand-sculpt

In the beginning when they were was fighting for their land, first they danced all night long around the fire asking for help to their mother earth and to win the war. When the war finished they had to make a religious rite for their purification before coming back to their daily routines.

Another religious rite is the corn dance, first they sow the corn they dance around the fire for a successful harvest.

The meaning of Cherokee is those who lives in the mountains.

When the children are teenagers they have to pass for a test, this consist in going to the forest and passing all night with blinded eyes without weapon for defending of dangerous animals if the boy achieve themselves to pass the test he will become a man but is not allow to speak about the experience because each one is personal, and private.

Other of their customs is regarding marriage, when a man wants to choose a woman he can´t choose one who belongs from a clan of his parents. The man has to hunt a deer then he has to take the meat as a gift to the woman he wants to marry, if the woman accepts the meat then she will marry him.

WAYUU TRIBE

The Wayuu tribe is an American Indian town, it is aboriginal nomadic, the Wayuu tribe was already settled when Christopher Columbus arrived to America in 1492. Colombia had had lots of native people such as aruhacos, muiscas, taironas, chocoes, motilones among others. One of the most important Colombian tribes is the Wayuu, they have always tried to preserve and protect their traditions, laws, habits, religious rites and politics; it is the biggest indigenous family of Colombia and Venezuela.

The indigenous Wayuu never were in captivity for the Spanish conquers. When Christopher Columbus stepped in America, he always wanted to impose the Castilian language as well as in all Central America, he organized expeditions to teach the language, but it was impossible because Central America had too much aboriginal Chibcha, Arawak and Caribbean languages.

The Wayuu tribe was not invaded for the Spanish conquers, the indigenous Wayuu always have tried to survive in Colombia and Venezuela countries.

The Wayuu tribe claim to be very independent, they are situated in La Peninsula de la Guajira next to the Caribbean sea, they live in Colombia and Venezuela, they don`t find the frontier between the both countries, this indigenous ethnic group is biggest in both countries.

The Wayuu ethnic group takes up 15 300 Km in la peninsula de la Guajirá, Colombia and 12000 Km in Zulia state Venezuela.

The climate is warm and dry in la peninsula de la GuaJira. When it rains they say it is the YUYAPU season, which is between September to November, after it is Jemial dry season between December to April. Subsequently other season rain comes in May, it is named Iwa. The upper Guajira is named Macuira, jala`la, chiare, Cojoro, Cocinas and the Epitsù hill. Ranchería and Limón River are the principal hydratation spring.

The Wayuu tribe is the bigger Indigenous town of Venezuela and Colombia, it represents 8 for cent of the Zulia, Venezuela and near 45 for cent in La Guajira department, the indigenous Wayuu are 500.000 people.

The Wayuu town works grazing with different species animals, the bovines are the most important economic recourse, but the bovines rising is very difficult because the climatic ambient does not help them. Each indigenous Wayuu assembly has an own pig iron then their Bovines are marked with it, so the bovines are grateful in whatever place.

The Indigenous Wayuu has goats and Billy goats too they are named kaa`ula, it is care in flock of 100 to 150 animals. In the story the indigenous Wayuu fattened lots of horses, donkeys and mules, but the epidemics kill them off.

The flock is wealth; moreover it is the prestige of the Wayuu people, it is used commercially to realize pacts of marriage as straight descent, or to redeem of damage, crime or offence, solve conflicts and to restore the peace. They have a small market garden named apain, where they sow corn, yucca, cucumber, ahullama, melon and watermelon.

The Indigenous Wayuu catches fishing, the trade, exploitation of salt in the sea too. But the most important economic event is the traditional textiles. The Women are experts weavers they have conserved the most beautiful traditional drawing textiles in the hammocks, in the blankets, it is their principal clothes, in the susu, bags weave in cotton too.

The Wayuu tribe is an eiruku; it is society line-marriage, in the Wayuu tribe exist the pütchipü o pütche’ejachi, this indigenous solves the principal problems of the tribe.

How is the Wayuu marriage? First the Wayuu man can have many women, the indigenous Wayuu has to speak with her parents to name àpalà and they receive agreement as much as livestock and jewel.

The women are the most important in the Wayuu tribe; they are symbol of respects and unity.

What is their religion? The Piachi is a man; he has a lot of knowledge thought spirits, these spirits are:

Seyuu, he is a protected god and he is so called to cure

Maleiea is breeder

Pulowy

Juya

Ceremonies, the Wayuu tribe has Shamanes women and men, they use traditional tecnics as singing with maracas, they use tobacco, etc.

Undertaker ceremonies are special because the women have to shower the die body, his bones arrange into a undertaker urn and the die body is buried twins.

The Wayuu tribe speaks in Wayuunaiki, this language appertain to Arawak linguistic family, this language has 6 vowels and 16 consonants.

Vowels

	Anteriores	Centrales	Posteriores
opening	i	+	u
middle opening	e		o
closing		a

Consonants

	lip	alveolar	palatal	velar	glotal
oclusivas sordas	p	t	ĉ	k	‘
nasales	m	n	ñ
fricativas sordas		s	ŝ		h
vibrantes		†
vibrante doble		rr
aproximantes	w		y

THE WAYUU MUSIC

HISTORY

SPANISH CONQUERS IN AMERICA LATINA

America Latina was habiting by lot of symbols, traditions, religions, habits, knowledge, wisdom and too many tribe indigenous. These things and people were depressed by European conquers with their eagerness of wealth, domination and sentiments of superiority legal.

When America Latina was conquered by European people, the native people were destroyed, only a little percent to native people could to survive. This event was mention as The Spanish Conquest or The biggest invasion and it caused the most terrible story`s act, too many indigenous people died and their wealth, culture, etc.

The Colonial lifestyle is meeting by the destruction of indigenous tribe in America Latina because they were used as slaves of woks of load and miner. In America Latina was shantytown of new illness. The native people were infected by it and the great majority to indigenous people was died and their cultures, costumers and religions were loosed.

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When Christopher Columbus arrived to America Latina in the XVI century, the Indigenous American lifestyle changed harder. Colombia was explored by Rodrigo de Bastidas; he observed that Colombian indigenous tribe had different lifestyle, costumers and traditions. Colombia has had three biggest linguistics families of communication: the Arawak, the Caribbean and the Chibcha languages, but in that time existed more communication forms linguistics like Tairona, Tule Sinù and Zenù.

The Arawak town was biggest; the Arawak native people lived in La Peninsula de La Guajira, they were kind and friendly. The Arawak linguistic family was conformed by the Taìnos tribe, this tribe lived in Bahamas and The Antilles Mayors, the Nepoya, Suppoyo tribes to Trinidad and the Ignore, they habited the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.

SAN AGUSTIN AND TIERRADENTRO CULTURES

SAN AGUSTIN

San Agustin was localized in Huila department in Valle del Magdalena, the San Agustin civilization knows for its rock sculptures. The San Agustin tribe developed a magic culture, but this culture reveals some human realities about the American people history, some ideas about the African people immigration to Colombia and its develop in religious knowledge too.

The most important archaeological sculptures are located between the Magdalena River and the Sombrerillo to 1.636 steps to drive up the sea, this native tribe has too many sculptures, ceramics and statues.

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TIERRADENTRO

The Tierradentro tribe was localized in Cauca department; this tribe was born before 1.000 b. J., the Tierradentro native people was specialists in carved statues and sculptures with volcanic rock and they worked incredibly the silver work. The sculptures show their clothes.

The men used sex-cover; these clothes had jewels, laces and hangings. They used bracelets in both wrists and circulate adornment in their ankles. They second-hand biggest earrings, they were incrusted. The women used a ribbon in their brow face, they worn a dress without hose; they used hangings, jewels in gold.

The men in holy orders organized the economic, politic and social lifestyle in Tierradentro, they were always worried for the supernatural life, they always celebrated the death cult and for their forefathers. The Tierradentro ceramics and sculptures show the importance of the snakes and lizards.

http://www.canalprismatv.unal.edu.co/ (you have to select “Museo Arqueològico”)

INDIGENOUS COLOMBIAN HISTORY

INDIGENOUS HISTORY IN COLOMBIA

In Colombian Atlantic Coast, Moscù and Puerto Hormiga are sig of native tribe. These native tribes worked to harvest mollusks in 4.000 a .c. Puerto Hormiga has lot of things in rocks as firebox, shell deposits, bones and ceramics. The Caribbean coast and Vertiente Del Magdalena have been investigated and the people have fought trails to the most development native people in 1.120 a. c.

First native tribes communities lived in the Caribbean coast in Colombia changed their traditions because they bought new power hierarchy structures; these native tribes conquered the American mountains and they used the corn as eating in 1.000 d. c. they developed new forms of work, new rites, new habits, down planning, something astronomic, different communications forms; they invented the commercial trueque and something in mathematics and scientific knowledge. The Penzènues created new style of drain of building and cultivate since 2.000 years ago, but in Colombia had two important native tribes: San Agustin and Tierradentro.